src: reduce scope of code cache mutex

As indicated in the added comment, this can lead to a deadlock
otherwise. In the concrete instance in which I encountered this,
the relevant nested call is the one to `require('internal/tty')`
inside of the `afterInspector()` function for uncaught exception
handling.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/33980


Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ben Noordhuis <info@bnoordhuis.nl>
Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: David Carlier <devnexen@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Zeyu Yang <himself65@outlook.com>
Reviewed-By: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>