test: use assert.rejects() and assert.throws()

Replace try-catch blocks in tests with `assert.rejects()` and
`assert.throws()`.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/27207
Fixes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/27198


Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Sakthipriyan Vairamani <thechargingvolcano@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ben Coe <bencoe@gmail.com>