build: remove (almost) unused macros/constants

Macros, like CHECK, cause issues for tracking coverage because
they modify the source before it's placed in V8. Upon investigation
it seemed that we only used this functionality in two places:
internal/vm/module.js, and internal/async_hooks.js (in comments).

Given this, it seemed to make more sense to move CHECK to
JavaScript, and retire a mostly unused build step.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/30755


Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>