src: implement debug output utilities

Implement utilities for easier debugging of Node.js core code,
inspired by the HTTP/2 debugging code. Debugging is, however,
implemented at runtime rather than at compile time, controlled
through a new `NODE_DEBUG_NATIVE=categories` environment variable.

The runtime overhead in the debugging-disabled case amounts to
1 well-cachable one-byte read per debug call.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/20987


Reviewed-By: Daniel Bevenius <daniel.bevenius@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Minwoo Jung <minwoo@nodesource.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>