async_hooks: clear async_id_stack for terminations in more places

Termination exceptions are similar to uncaught exceptions in that they
should clear the async id stack, because no ongoing async callbacks
will be brought to completion when execution terminates.

Previously, there was a check that made sure that that happened when
the termination occurred during the callback itself, but no such check
was in place for the case that the termination occurred during
microtasks started by them. This commit adds such a check, both for
microtasks and the `nextTick` queue. The latter addition doesn’t fix
a crash, but still makes sense conceptually.

The condition here is also flipped from applying only on Worker threads
to also applying on the main thread, and setting the `failed_` flag
rather than reading it. The former makes sense because the public C++
`Stop(env)` API can have the same effect as worker thread termination,
but on the main thread rather than a Worker thread.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/33347


Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Benjamin Gruenbaum <benjamingr@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: David Carlier <devnexen@gmail.com>