lib: use `internal/options` to query `--abort-on-uncaught-exception`

Instead of using
`internalBinding('config').shouldAbortOnUncaughtException`.
Also removes that property from the binding.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/25862


Reviewed-By: Richard Lau <riclau@uk.ibm.com>
Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>