module: only set cache when finding module succeeds

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/36642
Fixes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/36638


Reviewed-By: Bradley Farias <bradley.meck@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Guy Bedford <guybedford@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Antoine du Hamel <duhamelantoine1995@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Michaël Zasso <targos@protonmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>