build: shorten path used in tarball build workflow

Shorten the path to the workspace for the GitHub Actions `build-tarball`
workflow to avoid `execvp: printf: Argument list too long` errors from
`make`.

GitHub currently runs workflows in a `/home/runner/work/my-repo/my-repo`
directory where `my-repo` is the repository name and is repeated twice
(the second is from the git checkout). Some of the command lines in the
Node.js build, e.g. the `ar` command to create static libraries, pass
several fully qualified paths to filenames so the workflow directory is
repeat many times. The most recent V8 update added more files to the
command and has now tipped the command line length over the maximum
allowed when using forks of the `node` repository with a longer name
(e.g. `node-auto-test` and the private fork used to prepare security
releases).

Use GitHub's `RUNNER_TEMP` environment variable to extract the source
tarball into the temporary directory on the GitHub runner. This is
currently `/home/runner/work/_temp` and is not dependent on the name
of the repository.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/39192


Reviewed-By: Jiawen Geng <technicalcute@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Beth Griggs <bgriggs@redhat.com>
Reviewed-By: Michael Dawson <midawson@redhat.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>