test: increase error information in test-cli-syntax-*

If there is an error, but not the error code the test expects, display
more information about the error.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/25021


Reviewed-By: Richard Lau <riclau@uk.ibm.com>
Reviewed-By: Anto Aravinth <anto.aravinth.cse@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Shelley Vohr <codebytere@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Daijiro Wachi <daijiro.wachi@gmail.com>