test: cover error case in os getCheckedFunction()

getCheckedFunction() is used internally by the os module to
handle errors from the binding layer in several methods. This
commit adds a test for the case where the binding layer returns
an error.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/22394


Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Michaël Zasso <targos@protonmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Trivikram Kamat <trivikr.dev@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: Tobias Nießen <tniessen@tnie.de>