src: add .code and SSL specific error properties

SSL errors have a long structured message, but lacked the standard .code
property which can be used for stable comparisons. Add a `code`
property, as well as the 3 string components of an SSL error: `reason`,
`library`, and `function`.

Backport-PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/26951
PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/25093


Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Daniel Bevenius <daniel.bevenius@gmail.com>