src: retrieve binding data from the context

Instead of passing them through the data bound to function
templates, store references to them in a list embedded inside
the context.
This makes the function templates more context-independent,
and makes it possible to embed binding data in non-main contexts.

Co-authored-by: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/33139


Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>