test: add debugging output to test-net-listen-after-destroy-stdin

The test failed in CI once with a timeout but there is insufficient
information to further debug. Add additional debugging information.

Refactored callbacks to be arrow functions, since that seems to be the
direction we're moving.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/31698


Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>