module: do not use `process.exit()`

Inside workers, using stdio is always asynchronous, so using
`process.exit()` always interrupts sending of messages to the
parent thread, including error messages presented over stdio.

Do not use `process.exit()` and instead trigger a “real”
uncaught exception.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/25769


Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: Michaël Zasso <targos@protonmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Guy Bedford <guybedford@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>