doc: add missing options allowed in NODE_OPTIONS

Add missing options to the list of allowed options for the
`NODE_OPTIONS` environment variable. Sort the list alphabetically.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/28179


Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>