build: disable libstdc++ debug containers globally

Different parts of the debug build were using differently sized
std::vectors due to `_GLIBCXX_DEBUG` sometimes being defined and
sometimes not. That ended about as well as you would expect.

Remove the flag.

Fixes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/30056

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/30147


Reviewed-By: Richard Lau <riclau@uk.ibm.com>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: David Carlier <devnexen@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Michael Dawson <michael_dawson@ca.ibm.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>