lib: move internalBinding whitelisting into loaders.js

Instead of setting the internalBinding white list in node.js and
wrapping process.binding twice, put it directly in loaders.js
where the user land process.binding is defined.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/24088


Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: Refael Ackermann <refack@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>