doc: prevent tables from shrinking page

Tables on some pages (e.g. https://nodejs.org/api/crypto.html) are
quite wide because of long content (e.g. URLs) that don't break.
With this change, cell padding is smaller on small screens, and the
table content is allowed to break.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/31859


Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>