buffer: use stricter `from()` input validation

So far we did not throw an error for all types of invalid input.
Functions do not return a buffer anymore and `number` and `symbol`
validation is also improved.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/26825
Fixes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/26741


Reviewed-By: Matteo Collina <matteo.collina@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Yongsheng Zhang <zyszys98@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Michaël Zasso <targos@protonmail.com>