fs: simplify the error context collection in C++

- Simplify the SyncCall template function, only collect error
  number and syscall in the C++ layer and collect the rest of context
  in JS for flexibility.
- Remove the stringFromPath JS helper now that the unprefixed path is
  directly put into the context before the binding is invoked with the
  prefixed path.
- Validate more properties in fs.access tests.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/17338


Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>