src: move arch, platform and release into node_metadata.cc

Move definitions of more metadata into node_metadata{.h, .cc}
so the data can be reused and easily inspected in C++.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/25293


Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>