buffer: use stricter range checks

This validates the input to make sure the arguments do not overflow.
Before, if the input would overflow, it would cause the write to be
performt in the wrong spot / result in unexpected behavior.
Instead, just use a strict number validation.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/27045
Fixes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/27043


Reviewed-By: Matteo Collina <matteo.collina@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>