doc,test: test documentation consistency for NODE_OPTIONS

Add a test that checks that the documented allowed options for the
`NODE_OPTIONS` environment variable are consistent with the actually
allowed options.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/28179


Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>