src: add more `can_call_into_js()` guards

This is in preparation for running native `SetImmediate()`
callbacks during shutdown.

Backport-PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32301
PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/30666
Fixes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/30643
Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/30374


Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>