async_hooks: remove internal only error checking

This error checking is mostly unnecessary and is just a Node core
developer nicety, rather than something that is needed for the
user-land. It can be safely removed without any practical
impact while making nextTick, timers, immediates and AsyncResource
substantially faster.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/30967


Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Stephen Belanger <admin@stephenbelanger.com>
Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>