test: add error code tests in dgram test

Improve error validation in test-dgram-send-bad-arguments.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/24215


Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>