lib: save primordials during bootstrap and use it in builtins

This patches changes the `safe_globals` internal module into a
script that gets run during bootstrap and saves JavaScript builtins
(primordials) into an object that is available for all other builtin
modules to access lexically later.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/25816
Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/18795


Reviewed-By: Bradley Farias <bradley.meck@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>