build: add configure option to debug only Node.js part of the binary

Building Node.js with `--debug` takes a long time and generates
binaries that can be hard to work with due to their size, in
particular because debug builds of V8 are large.

Sometimes, it’s sufficient to build the Node.js parts with native
debugging options enabled. Add an option for that.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/31644


Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Santiago Gimeno <santiago.gimeno@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>