lib: absorb `path` error cases

Absorb low level libuv failure in
the process initialization phase

Fixes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/33759
Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/33759#issuecomment-663980558
PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/34519


Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Zeyu Yang <himself65@outlook.com>
Reviewed-By: Harshitha K P <harshitha014@gmail.com>