doc: document missing error codes

There are discrepancies between the errors defined in
`lib/internal/errors.js` and those documented in `doc/api/errors.md`.
Some of the errors recently defined are not documented, while others
were removed, but still have entries in the docs. This commit fills in
those gaps in the documentation.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/15160
Fixes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/15038


Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>