lib, src: upgrade after v8 api change

This is a big commit that touches just about every file in the src/
directory. The V8 API has changed in significant ways. The most
important changes are:

* Binding functions take a const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<T>& argument
  rather than a const v8::Arguments& argument.

* Binding functions return void rather than v8::Handle<v8::Value>. The
  return value is returned with the args.GetReturnValue().Set() family
  of functions.

* v8::Persistent<T> no longer derives from v8::Handle<T> and no longer
  allows you to directly dereference the object that the persistent
  handle points to. This means that the common pattern of caching
  oft-used JS values in a persistent handle no longer quite works,
  you first need to reconstruct a v8::Local<T> from the persistent
  handle with the Local<T>::New(isolate, persistent) factory method.

A handful of (internal) convenience classes and functions have been
added to make dealing with the new API a little easier.

The most visible one is node::Cached<T>, which wraps a v8::Persistent<T>
with some template sugar. It can hold arbitrary types but so far it's
exclusively used for v8::Strings (which was by far the most commonly
cached handle type.)