module: add support for `node:`‑prefixed `require(…)` calls

Fixes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/36098



Co-authored-by: Antoine du Hamel <duhamelantoine1995@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Guy Bedford <guybedford@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Darshan Sen <raisinten@gmail.com>

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/37246


Reviewed-By: Bradley Farias <bradley.meck@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Antoine du Hamel <duhamelantoine1995@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Benjamin Gruenbaum <benjamingr@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Darshan Sen <raisinten@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Matteo Collina <matteo.collina@gmail.com>