src: add node_process.cc

Begin moving `process` object function definitions out of
`node.cc` ... continuing the process of making `node.cc`
smaller and easier to maintain.

Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: Refael Ackermann <refack@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Trivikram Kamat <trivikr.dev@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Evan Lucas <evanlucas@me.com>
Reviewed-By: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>
Backport-PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/21798
PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/21105