Detect c++ standard unconditionally

Currently select_cxx_standard(), which sets PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD when
not externally set, is only called from pybind11_add_module(), but the
embed target setup (which runs unconditionally) makes use of
${PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD}, which isn't set yet.  This commit removes the
`select_cxx_standard` function completely and just always runs the
standard detection code.

This also tweaks the detection code to not bothering checking for the
`-std=c++11` flag when the `-std=c++14` detection succeeded.