Make keyword argument hold a py::object instead of T*

With this change arg_t is no longer a template, but it must remain so
for backward compatibility. Thus, a non-template arg_v is introduced,
while a dummy template alias arg_t is there to keep old code from
breaking. This can be remove in the next major release.

The implementation of arg_v also needed to be placed a little earlier in
the headers because it's not a template any more and unpacking_collector
needs more than a forward declaration.