Improve consistency of array and array_t with regard to other pytypes

* `array_t(const object &)` now throws on error
* `array_t::ensure()` is intended for casters —- old constructor is
  deprecated
* `array` and `array_t` get default constructors (empty array)
* `array` gets a converting constructor
* `py::isinstance<array_T<T>>()` checks the type (but not flags)

There is only one special thing which must remain: `array_t` gets
its own `type_caster` specialization which uses `ensure` instead
of a simple check.