[CDRIVER-4644] [CDRIVER-4602] Additional Earthly platforms, functionality, and cleanup (#1537)

* Remove ArchLinux matrix definitions that used ArchLinux distros
* Refactor of Earthly task generation, and parametrize on the compiler
* Missing alpine3.19 env
* Additional util scripts for container building
* Significant Earthly refactoring:
- Reusable build utils in tools/build.earth
- New ways of installing individual components
- Cleanup of earthly.py config generation
- New environment targets for Alpine 3.16, 3.17, and Ubuntu 20.04
* Drop archlinux distros from distros.py
* Aside: Remove the early-termination config
* Bump Earthly version
* Add Ubuntu 18.04 targets