[mlir][affine] ValueBoundsConstraintSet: Fully compose affine.apply (#68899)

Fully compose `affine.apply` ops before adding them to the underlying
`FlatLinearConstraints`. This works around a limitation of
`FlatLinearConstraints`, which cannot deduce a constant bound if it
involves two identical local variables.

Details for future improvements of `FlatLinearConstraints`: The
constraint set infrastructure fails to compute a constant bound of -8
for the first variable.
```
Domain: 0, Range: 1, Symbols: 4, Locals: 2
8 constraints
(None    None    None    None    None    Local    Local    const)
 1    -1    0    0    0    0    0    0    = 0
 0    1    -1    1    0    0    0    0    = 0
 0    0    1    0    0    0    -16    0    = 0
 0    0    0    1    0    -16    0    -8    = 0
 0    0    0    0    -1    0    32    31    >= 0
 0    0    0    0    1    0    -32    0    >= 0
 0    0    0    0    -1    32    0    31    >= 0
 0    0    0    0    1    -32    0    0    >= 0
```