[lldb] Added Debuginfod tests and fixed a couple issues (#92572)

Here we go with attempt number five. Again, no changes to the LLDB code
diff, which has been reviewed several times.

For the tests, I added a `@skipIfCurlSupportMissing` annotation so that
the Debuginfod mocked server stuff won't run, and I also disabled
non-Linux/FreeBSD hosts altogether, as they fail for platform reasons on
macOS and Windows. In addition, I updated the process for extracting the
GNU BuildID to no create a target, per some feedback on the previous
diff.

For reference, previous PR's (landed, backed out after the fact for
various reasons) #90622, #87676, #86812, #85693

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Co-authored-by: Kevin Frei <freik@meta.com>