[SLP][NFC] PR45269 getVectorElementSize() is slow

The algorithm inside getVectorElementSize() is almost O(x^2) complexity and
when, for example, we compile MultiSource/Applications/ClamAV/shared_sha256.c
with 1k instructions inside sha256_transform() function that resulted in almost
~800k iterations. The following change improves the algorithm with the map to
a liner complexity.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D80241