[lldb] Make only one function that needs to be implemented when searching for types (#74786)

This patch revives the effort to get this Phabricator patch into
upstream:

https://reviews.llvm.org/D137900

This patch was accepted before in Phabricator but I found some
-gsimple-template-names issues that are fixed in this patch.

A fixed up version of the description from the original patch starts
now.

This patch started off trying to fix Module::FindFirstType() as it
sometimes didn't work. The issue was the SymbolFile plug-ins didn't do
any filtering of the matching types they produced, and they only looked
up types using the type basename. This means if you have two types with
the same basename, your type lookup can fail when only looking up a
single type. We would ask the Module::FindFirstType to lookup "Foo::Bar"
and it would ask the symbol file to find only 1 type matching the
basename "Bar", and then we would filter out any matches that didn't
match "Foo::Bar". So if the SymbolFile f...