[libc] Provide sys/queue.h (#78081)

This header first appeared in 4.4BSD and is provided by a number of C
libraries including Newlib. Several of our embedded projects use this
header and so to make LLVM libc a drop-in replacement, we need to
provide it as well.

For the initial commit, we only implement singly linked variants (SLIST
and STAILQ). The doubly linked variants (LIST, TAILQ and CIRCLEQ) can be
implemented in the future as needed.