Reapply "[DebugInfo][RemoveDIs] Turn on non-instrinsic debug-info by default"

This reapplies commit bdde5f9b by undoing the revert bc66e0cf.

The previous reapplication 5c9f7682 was reverted due to a crash
(reproducer in comments for 5c9f7682) which was fixed in #81595.

As noted in the original commit, this commit may break downstream tests.
If this commit is breaking your downstream tests, please see comment 12 in
[0], which documents the kind of variation in tests we'd expect to see from
this change and what to do about it.

[0] https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-instruction-api-changes-needed-to-eliminate-debug-intrinsics-from-ir/68939