[libc++][format] Implement formatters.

This implements the initial version of the `std::formatter` class and its specializations. It also implements the following formatting functions:
- `format`
- `vformat`
- `format_to`
- `vformat_to`
- `format_to_n`
- `formatted_size`

All functions have a `char` and `wchar_t` version. Parsing the format-spec and
using the parsed format-spec hasn't been implemented. The code isn't optimized,
neither for speed, nor for size.

The goal is to have the rudimentary basics working, which can be used as a
basis to improve upon. The formatters used in this commit are simple stubs that
will be replaced by real formatters in later commits.

The formatters that are slated to be replaced in this patch series don't have
an availability macro to avoid merge conflicts.

Note the formatter for `bool` uses `0` and `1` instead of "false" and
"true". This will be fixed when the stub is replaced with a real
formatter.

Implements parts of:
- P0645 Text Formatting

Completes:
- LWG3539 for...