[mlir][Linalg] Reimplement and extend getStridesAndOffset

Summary: This diff reimplements getStridesAndOffset in a significantly simpler way by operating on the AffineExpr and calling into simplifyAffineExpr instead of rolling its own saturating arithmetic.

As a consequence it becomes quite simple to extend the behavior of getStridesAndOffset to encompass more cases by manipulating the AffineExpr more directly.
The divisions are still filtered out and continue to yield fully dynamic strides.
Simplifying the divisions is left for a later time if compelling use cases arise.

Relevant tests are added.

Reviewers: ftynse

Subscribers: mehdi_amini, rriddle, jpienaar, burmako, shauheen, antiagainst, arpith-jacob, llvm-commits

Tags: #llvm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D72098