[SCEVExpander] Remember phi nodes inserted by LCSSA construction

SCEVExpander keeps track of all instructions it inserted. However,
it currently misses some phi nodes created during LCSSA construction.
Fix this by collecting these into another argument.

This also removes the IRBuilder argument, which was added for
essentially the same purpose, but only handles the root LCSSA nodes,
not those inserted by SSAUpdater.

This was reported as a regression on D149344, but the reduced test
case also reproduces without it.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D150681