[Clang][NVPTX] Allow passing arguments to the linker while standalone (#73030)

Summary:
We support standalone compilation for the NVPTX architecture using
'nvlink' as our linker. Because of the special handling required to
transform input files to cubins, as nvlink expects for some reason, we
didn't use the standard AddLinkerInput method. However, this also meant
that we weren't forwarding options passed with -Wl to the linker. Add
this support in for the standalone toolchain path.

Revived from https://reviews.llvm.org/D149978