[libc++] Define `namespace views` in its own detail header.

Discovered in the comments on D118748: we would like this namespace
to exist anytime Ranges exists, regardless of whether concepts syntax
is supported. Also, we'd like to fully granularize the <ranges> header,
which means not putting any loose declarations at the top level.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D118809

(cherry picked from commit 44cdca37)