[Attributor] Cleanup `IRPosition::getArgNo` usages

As we handle callback calls we need to disambiguate the call site
argument number from the callee argument number. While always equal in
non-callback calls, a callback comes with a partial parameter-argument
mapping so there is no implicit correspondence. Here we split
`IRPosition::getArgNo()` into two public functions, `getCallSiteArgNo()`
and `getCalleeArgNo()`. Usages are adjusted to pick the right one for
their purpose. This fixed some problems that would have been exposed as
we more aggressively optimize callbacks.