[CMake][Release] Refactor cache file and use two stages for non-PGO builds (#89812)

Completely refactor the cache file to simplify it and remove unnecessary
variables. The main functional change here is that the non-PGO builds
now use two stages, so `ninja -C build stage2-package` can be used with
both PGO and non-PGO builds.

(cherry picked from commit 6473fbf2)